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Philippine Scouts of the Philippine American War (1899-1902) Saturday, April 22, 2023
Philippine Scouts of the Philippine American War (1899-1902)
The Philippine Scouts is a military auxiliary force made up of native Filipinos established to support the U.S. Army during the Philippine American War (1899– 1902). The Philippine Scouts helped American troops navigate the often forbidding terrain of the Philippines and acted as interpreters for a native population that spoke a myriad of dialects.
As a result, the vast majority of scouts were recruited from other tribes—the Ilocanos, Visayans, and most notably the Macabebes— a group that had a history of working with the former Spanish colonial government because of their strong hatred for the Tagalogs.
This not only motivated them but made them prone to committing atrocities.
In the late summer of 1899, Lieutenant M. A. Batson brought the first group of Macabebe volunteers into a U.S. camp.
The initial reaction of American military leaders was not enthusiastic. Neither Major General Elwell Stephen Otis, military governor of the Philippines and commander of U.S. forces, nor Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur, commander of the army’s 2nd Division on Luzon, believed that they could be trusted enough to be armed.
But the Macabebes, through a series of closely supervised local operations against the guerrillas, gradually gained the confidence of the army and were hired as civilian employees and issued rifles.
This first unit of scouts began training in September 1899. A subsequent successful engagement of Philippine guerrillas precipitated the authorization of several more companies, and by the end of 1899, a complete battalion, dubbed Batson’s Macabebe Scouts, was in operation.
The first large-scale use of the Philippine Scouts occurred during the Northern Luzon Campaign of October 1899. Aguinaldo’s Army of Liberation was still operating in units of significant size in this area, and Otis feared that the rebels would retreat to the mountains and begin a guerrilla war. Accordingly, the Northern Luzon Campaign plan envisioned a quick three-pronged encirclement of Aguinaldo and his fighters.
This two-month-long campaign did not achieve its overall strategic purpose, as Aguinaldo escaped and armed resistance continued. Reasons for the failure included extremely wet weather, which hampered mobility and logistics, and questionable tactical decisions on the part of American commanders.
The Philippine Scouts, however, acquitted themselves admirably in a series of engagements and grueling marches.
Most critically, they earned the trust and respect of all levels of American leadership. The scouts went on to play a significant role in most subsequent military campaigns in the Philippines.
Written By: Robert M. Brown
References:
Aguinaldo y Famy, Emilio; Atrocities; Funston, Frederick; Luzon;
Macabebe Scouts; MacArthur, Arthur; Otis, Elwell Stephen; Philippine Islands; Tagalogs; Visayan Campaigns.
Birtle, Andrew J. U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine, 1860–1941. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2003.
Gates, John M. Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1973.
Linn, Brian McAllister. The Philippine War, 1899–1902. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000.
Image Description and Source:
The Macabebe Scouts were some of the first Filipinos to serve alongside U.S. forces during the Philippine American War. These men fought under U.S. Army lieutenant Matthew Baston. (National Archives)
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